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Enumeration is the process of gathering information on a target in order to find potential attack vectors and aid in exploitation. Enumeration can be used to gather usernames, passwords, network information, hostnames, application data, services, or any other information that may be valuable to an attacker.

Typically, there are SMB share drives on a server that can be connected to and used to view or transfer files. The first step of enumeration is to conduct a port scan, to find out as much information as you can about the services, applications, structure and operating system of the target machine. You can go as in depth as you like on this, however I suggest using nmap with the -A and -p- tags. It is basically a wrapper around the tools in the Samba package and makes it easy to quickly extract information from the target pertaining to SMB.

While it is available by default on Kali and Parrot, if you do need to install it, you can find the documentation here. Lets see if our interesting share has been configured to allow anonymous access, i. We can do this easily by:. We can connect without providing a password, which proves that the network share allows anonymous access:. Or if you left the office late and do not feel like cooking, UberEats is connected to the app that lets you order take out.

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Since automation of issuance and renewals is really important, it only makes sense to use DNS challenges if your DNS provider has an API you can use to automate updates. Our community has started a list of such DNS providers here.

Your DNS provider may be the same as your registrar the company you bought your domain name from , or it might be different. If you want to change your DNS provider, you just need to make some small changes at your registrar. Note that putting your fully DNS API credentials on your web server significantly increases the impact if that web server is hacked. Best practice is to use more narrowly scoped API credentials , or perform DNS validation from a separate server and automatically copy certificates to your web server.

It can also be used if your DNS provider is slow to update, and you want to delegate to a quicker-updating server. You can have multiple TXT records in place for the same name. For instance, this might happen if you are validating a challenge for a wildcard and a non-wildcard certificate at the same time. This challenge was defined in draft versions of ACME. It was disabled in March because it was not secure enough.

However, it uses a custom ALPN protocol to ensure that only servers that are aware of this challenge type will respond to validation requests. This also allows validation requests for this challenge type to use an SNI field that matches the domain name being validated, making it more secure.